An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
نویسندگان
چکیده
Spain is the second highest rice-producing country in European Union, with approximately 105,000 ha used to grow this crop. The major regions are Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, and Valencia, followed by Aragon Navarre. main soil texture throughout Spanish rice areas silty clay loam, alkaline soils (pH > 7.5)—except Extremadura area = 5.5–6)—and a low organic matter content. Water quality terms of salinity acceptable, although some coastal issues occasionally appear be determining factor for high yield achievement. According survey carried out on farmers technicians, most problematic weeds found crops today Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa Cyperus difformis. Most currently authorized herbicides can classified according two modes action: ALS-inhibiting ACCase-inhibiting. Repeated field applications same mode action have resulted selection herbicide-resistant weeds. At present, resistance has been confirmed different ALS inhibitors difformis, ACCase spp. mechanism these species mutation target site herbicides. Several mutations gene, both distributed rice-growing considered work. gene mainly individuals from Valencia. These patterns cross-resistance ALS- ACCase-inhibiting It likely that repeated use will result evolution more resistant weed populations. possible availability new alternative short space time seems very limited, suggesting need appropriate available strategies (crop rotation, dry sowing, manual weeding, etc.). This work presents review characteristics cultivation Spain, emphasizing current problems crop management
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Agronomy
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2156-3276', '0065-4663']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061095